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The Anthocyanins (from the Greek: anthos=flower and kyanous=dark blue) are red, purple or blue pigments founds in plants, especially flowers, fruit and vegetables. Anthocyanins are comprised of those colorants which are derived primarily from fruits and vegetables. Commercial sources include grapes, grape skin, elderberries, purple carrot, red radish, red cabbage, purple sweet potato, black currant and also hibiscus.
These colorants are rich in polyphenols and have also been shown to provide heart and anticancer benefits. The Anthocyanins provide a range of shades, from yellowish red to bluish red, to purple, depending on the source and the application. They are most stable at low pH and are used mostly for these types of low pH applications, including beverages, yogurt and fruit preparations, confectionery and frozen desserts.
The Anthocyanins are water soluble and the stability of each is very much a function of the source, as well as the application. Typically, it is the vegetable sourced anthocyanins, such as purple carrot and purple sweet potato, which can provide better stability in application, than some of the corresponding fruit based anthocyanins. This is due to their respective and inherent molecular structures and inter- and intra- molecular interactions. Acylation and glycosylation have been shown to provide and improve the stability of the anthocyanin structure, and in nature, it is typically the vegetable based anthocyanins which tend to have these highly substituted molecular structures.
The relative color strength or color intensity of the different anthocyanins, regardless of the source, is typically referenced using a measurement of Color Unit strength (CU or E value). This is determined by calculation by obtaining the absorbance value at a specified dilution using spectrophotometric measurements.
Applications
Beverages
Fruit Preparations
Yogurt
Confectionery
Water Ices
Frozen Desserts
Powdered Mixes
Functional Foods and Supplements